Ambiguity Effect#
Explanation: The ambiguity effect refers to the tendency of individuals to avoid options with insufficient or unclear information when making decisions, opting instead for options with more clearly defined risks.
Coping Strategy: To reduce the impact of this bias, providing clearer and more specific information can help lower ambiguity, thereby aiding in making more rational decisions.
Anchoring Effect#
Explanation: The anchoring effect refers to the tendency to use familiar or recently encountered irrelevant values as "anchors" when valuing unfamiliar things. People tend to adjust their judgments (especially numerical judgments) based on the first piece of information (the anchor) they receive.
Coping Strategy: To mitigate the impact of the anchoring effect, one can try to examine problems from multiple perspectives and actively seek evidence that contradicts the initial information to correct their judgments.
Anthropocentric Thinking#
Explanation: Anthropocentric thinking is a cognitive bias characterized by an excessive emphasis on the importance and centrality of humans, often neglecting or underestimating the value and role of other species or natural systems.
Coping Strategy: To overcome this way of thinking, one can try to adopt more open and diverse perspectives, valuing and understanding the complexity of nature and its interactions with human society. Actively learning about ecology and environmental science can help cultivate respect and understanding for Earth's ecosystems.
Attentional Bias#
Explanation: Attentional bias refers to the tendency of individuals to focus excessively on certain information while ignoring other equally important information when processing information. This bias is often influenced by personal interests, emotions, or past experiences.
Coping Strategy: To reduce attentional bias, one can try to think about problems from multiple angles, ensuring that all aspects of information are considered in decision-making. Regular self-reflection to identify and challenge potential preconceived notions can help process information more comprehensively and objectively.
Automation Bias#
Explanation: Automation bias refers to the excessive trust people place in the judgments and recommendations of automated systems or tools (such as computers, artificial intelligence, etc.), sometimes even ignoring their own intuition and experience.
Coping Strategy: To reduce automation bias, it is advisable to maintain a healthy skepticism towards automated systems. Regularly evaluating and reviewing the outputs of automated systems, combining professional knowledge and personal experience in decision-making, is also important.
Availability Cascade#
Explanation: Availability cascade refers to the phenomenon where a viewpoint or information becomes prominent and widely accepted due to frequent mention. This effect is often reinforced through repeated media reporting and ongoing public discussion, leading people to overemphasize certain information while neglecting other more important or relevant facts.
Coping Strategy: To avoid the influence of availability cascade, one should maintain critical thinking and not base decisions solely on the availability of information. Seeking diverse sources of information and being cautious of viewpoints that frequently appear in media or discussions can help avoid undue influence from public opinion.
Availability Heuristic#
Explanation: The availability heuristic is a psychological phenomenon where individuals tend to rely on the most easily recalled or vivid information when making judgments and decisions, rather than considering all available relevant information.
Coping Strategy: To reduce the impact of the availability heuristic, one should strive to seek more comprehensive information and pay attention to less obvious but equally important data. Increasing self-awareness about the tendency to over-rely on recent or salient events can also be beneficial.
Backfire Effect#
Explanation: The backfire effect describes the phenomenon where individuals, when confronted with evidence contrary to their beliefs, not only fail to change their original views but may become more entrenched in their initial beliefs.
Coping Strategy: One method to address the backfire effect is to adopt a more gentle, fact-based communication style, avoiding direct attacks on the other person's beliefs. Additionally, enhancing critical thinking and fostering openness and acceptance of differing viewpoints is important.
Bandwagon Effect#
Explanation: The bandwagon effect refers to the tendency of individuals to align their opinions, behaviors, or beliefs with those of the majority, influenced by the pressure of those around them, regardless of whether these opinions or behaviors are rational or correct.
Coping Strategy: To avoid the bandwagon effect, it is crucial to cultivate independent thinking and maintain a certain level of awareness regarding social and group pressures. Actively seeking diverse viewpoints and information can help form a more comprehensive and objective perspective.
Belief Bias#
Explanation: Belief bias refers to the tendency of individuals to evaluate the validity of arguments based on whether the conclusions align with their pre-existing beliefs, rather than on the logic or soundness of the arguments themselves.
Coping Strategy: One way to combat belief bias is to become aware of potential biases and strive to objectively assess the logical structure of arguments, rather than merely judging based on whether conclusions align with personal beliefs.
Bias Blind Spot#
Explanation: Bias blind spot refers to the phenomenon where individuals believe they are less susceptible to biases than others, even though they, like everyone else, may have moments of incomplete perspective.
Coping Strategy: An effective way to reduce bias blind spot is to enhance self-awareness and accept the fact that one may also be influenced by biases. Regular self-reflection and seeking feedback from others can help better understand and identify personal biases.
Cheerleader Effect#
Explanation: The cheerleader effect refers to the phenomenon where individuals are perceived as more attractive when they are part of a group than when they are alone. This may be due to the average face effect within the group or the positive synergistic effects that the group brings to the individual.
Coping Strategy: Understanding and recognizing the existence of the cheerleader effect can help individuals more objectively assess personal traits without being misled by group influences.
Choice-Supportive Bias#
Explanation: Choice-supportive bias refers to the tendency of individuals to remember and evaluate their choices more positively once a decision has been made, even in the presence of clear flaws or mistakes.
Coping Strategy: One method to combat choice-supportive bias is to maintain an open and self-critical attitude, striving to review and evaluate past decisions as objectively as possible. Additionally, considering and learning from mistakes rather than merely defending one's choices can be beneficial.
Clustering Illusion#
Explanation: Clustering illusion refers to the tendency to perceive patterns or connections in a random set of information or data, even when such patterns or connections do not actually exist.
Coping Strategy: Methods to combat clustering illusion include recognizing the existence of randomness and attempting to analyze data using statistical methods to avoid making judgments based solely on intuition.
Comfort Zone Effect#
Explanation: The comfort zone effect refers to the tendency of individuals to remain within familiar environments and activities, avoiding new or challenging situations, even when these new situations may offer benefits or opportunities for growth.
Coping Strategy: One way to reduce the comfort zone effect is to consciously place oneself in new, slightly challenging environments, gradually expanding one's comfort zone to promote personal growth and learning.
Confirmation Bias#
Explanation: Confirmation bias refers to the tendency to notice and believe information that aligns with one's original views while ignoring or dismissing information that contradicts or opposes those views.
Coping Strategy: Effective methods to reduce confirmation bias include actively seeking and considering evidence that contradicts one's viewpoint, cultivating open and critical thinking, and engaging in discussions with individuals holding different perspectives.
Congruence Bias#
Explanation: Congruence bias refers to the tendency to use only one method to solve or prove a problem, overlooking other possible methods or explanations. This is akin to trying to open all locks with just one key, without considering that other keys might work.
Coping Strategy: Methods to reduce congruence bias include actively exploring and testing scenarios that contradict existing hypotheses and considering multiple possible explanations for a problem. This requires cultivating a more systematic and diverse way of thinking.
Conservatism#
Explanation: Conservatism, or retreat bias, refers to the reluctance to change one's original views or expectations when faced with new information, even if that information is highly persuasive. It is akin to being hesitant to embrace new things and unwilling to change previous thoughts.
Coping Strategy: Strategies to reduce this conservatism include being more open to accepting new information, actively adjusting and updating prior beliefs or hypotheses, and using Bayesian methods to more rationally integrate new and old information.
Conservatism Bayesian#
Explanation: In the context of Bayesian statistics, conservatism refers to the reluctance to adjust or change previous views or estimates even when faced with new evidence. It is like having new information but still clinging to original thoughts, unwilling to update one's views based on new evidence.
Coping Strategy: Methods to address these biases include actively seeking and considering new evidence, especially evidence that may challenge existing viewpoints. Additionally, cultivating an understanding of statistical data and trends is important to avoid making predictions based solely on intuition.
Contrast Effect#
Explanation: The contrast effect refers to the tendency to exaggerate differences when viewing two things simultaneously. For example, comparing a small cat and a large dog together makes the dog appear larger and the cat smaller.
Coping Strategy: Strategies to reduce the contrast effect include striving to objectively evaluate the absolute characteristics of each option rather than basing judgments solely on comparisons with other options. Additionally, attempting to broaden attention to a wider context rather than being limited to direct comparisons can be helpful.
Current Moment Bias#
Explanation: Current moment bias refers to the tendency to overemphasize the experiences and needs of the present moment while neglecting long-term consequences or goals.
Coping Strategy: Methods to combat this bias include increasing awareness of long-term goals and consequences, attempting to consider future impacts when making decisions, and practicing delayed gratification.
Curse of Knowledge#
Explanation: The curse of knowledge refers to the difficulty individuals have in reverting to a state of ignorance once they have acquired certain knowledge or information. This makes it challenging for knowledgeable individuals to understand and communicate the perspectives of those lacking the same background knowledge.
Coping Strategy: To mitigate the curse of knowledge, one can try to think about problems from the perspective of a beginner and use simple, clear language when explaining or communicating. Equally important is listening to and understanding the perspectives of others to ensure clear communication of information.
Decoy Effect#
Explanation: The decoy effect refers to the phenomenon where the introduction of a less attractive option (the decoy) makes another similar but superior option more appealing, thereby influencing people's choice preferences.
Coping Strategy: Reducing the impact of the decoy effect can be achieved by being aware of this strategy and carefully evaluating all options. Comparing the absolute value of each option rather than relying solely on relative comparisons is also important.
Default Effect#
Explanation: The default effect refers to the tendency to choose the pre-set or existing option when making a choice, rather than considering other possible options. This is often due to a reluctance to expend effort in changing or selecting something new.
Coping Strategy: Methods to combat the default effect include recognizing the tendency to automatically select default options and actively evaluating whether there are better alternatives. Taking time to understand the pros and cons of different options ensures the best decision is made.
Déjà Vu#
Explanation: Déjà vu is a psychological phenomenon where individuals feel a sense of familiarity in a completely new environment or situation. This is often due to the brain mistakenly linking current experiences with past memories or feelings.
Coping Strategy: While déjà vu is typically not related to decision-making or cognitive biases, understanding this phenomenon may help individuals recognize and comprehend their memory and perception processes.
Denomination Effect#
Explanation: The denomination effect refers to the tendency for individuals to be less willing to spend larger denominations of currency while being relatively more willing to spend the same total amount in smaller denominations. This bias affects consumer behavior and decision-making.
Coping Strategy: Reducing the impact of the denomination effect can be achieved by recognizing this psychological tendency and considering the actual value of money when spending, rather than being influenced by the denomination.
Disposition Effect#
Explanation: The disposition effect refers to the tendency for individuals to sell winning stocks while holding onto losing stocks, hoping they will rebound in the future. This reflects a reluctance to admit mistakes or losses.
Coping Strategy: Methods to combat the disposition effect include regularly reviewing investment portfolios and making decisions based on long-term goals and risk management strategies rather than being driven by short-term gains or losses.
Distinction Bias#
Explanation: Distinction bias refers to the tendency to overemphasize differences between options when comparing multiple choices, even when those differences may not be significant in actual decision-making.
Coping Strategy: Strategies to reduce distinction bias include attempting to consider the context of actual use or experience when evaluating options, rather than relying solely on theoretical comparisons. Valuing the absolute characteristics of options rather than just relative differences is also important.
Duration Neglect#
Explanation: Duration neglect refers to the tendency to forget how long past experiences lasted when recalling them, focusing instead on the most intense or final emotional experiences.
Coping Strategy: Methods to combat duration neglect include consciously considering the entire experience and feelings during evaluations, rather than just the most prominent or final aspects.
Empathy Gap#
Explanation: The empathy gap refers to the difficulty individuals have in imagining what decisions they would make when feeling angry or particularly happy, especially when they are in a calm state. This leads to an inability to accurately understand their own or others' thoughts and behaviors during emotional highs.
Coping Strategy: Strategies to reduce the empathy gap include attempting to consider problems from the perspective of different emotional states and allowing space for potential emotional changes when making decisions.
Endowment Effect#
Explanation: The endowment effect refers to the tendency to place a higher value on items one already owns, even if their actual value is not that high. For example, people often feel their old belongings are valuable, while others may not share that view.
Coping Strategy: To combat the endowment effect, one can try to objectively assess the value of items, whether as an owner or a potential buyer. When considering buying or selling decisions, it is important to strive to eliminate personal emotional influences.
Essentialism#
Explanation: Essentialism is a cognitive bias where individuals tend to believe that certain categories (such as species, gender, or ethnicity) possess fixed, unchanging essential characteristics. This perspective overlooks change and diversity.
Coping Strategy: Reducing the impact of essentialism can be achieved by learning and understanding the complexities of culture, biodiversity, and social constructs, thereby fostering a more open and diverse viewpoint.
Exaggerated Expectation#
Explanation: Exaggerated expectation refers to the tendency for individuals to hold overly optimistic or pessimistic expectations about the outcomes of events or future situations. This bias can lead to inaccurate assessments of risks and opportunities.
Coping Strategy: Methods to cope with exaggerated expectations include striving to maintain a realistic and objective attitude, evaluating all possible outcomes, and preparing for various scenarios. Learning from past experiences can also help form more balanced expectations.
Hard-Easy Effect#
Explanation: The hard-easy effect refers to the tendency for individuals to be overly pessimistic when facing difficult tasks and overly optimistic when facing simple tasks. This effect leads to a lack of confidence in difficult tasks and overconfidence in easy tasks.
Coping Strategy: To address the hard-easy effect, one should objectively assess the actual difficulty of tasks and consider personal skills and experiences when predicting outcomes. By managing expectations more realistically and cautiously, confidence levels can be balanced.
Hindsight Bias#
Explanation: Hindsight bias refers to the tendency for individuals to believe that an event was predictable or inevitable after it has occurred. This bias leads people to overestimate their predictive abilities.
Coping Strategy: Strategies to reduce hindsight bias include recognizing the unpredictability of past events, maintaining a cautious attitude towards future events, and considering multiple possible outcomes when making judgments.
Hostile Media Effect#
Explanation: The hostile media effect refers to the tendency for individuals with strong opinions on an issue to perceive neutral media coverage as biased against their views. This bias arises from personal subjective views affecting objective evaluations of information.
Coping Strategy: To combat the hostile media effect, one should strive to understand and accept differing viewpoints and seek diverse sources of information to maintain an objective evaluation of information.
Identifiable Victim Effect#
Explanation: The identifiable victim effect refers to the tendency for individuals to show more sympathy and willingness to help specific, identifiable victims while responding less to victims represented by statistical numbers.
Coping Strategy: Reducing this effect can be achieved by increasing awareness of statistical data while attempting to balance attention between individual cases and broader issues when considering charitable donations or assistance.
IKEA Effect#
Explanation: The IKEA effect refers to the phenomenon where individuals assign higher value to products they have participated in creating or assembling. This effect indicates that personal effort can increase attachment to and evaluation of a product.
Coping Strategy: To combat the IKEA effect, one should objectively assess the actual value of self-made products and consider whether personal investment has influenced their evaluation when purchasing or assessing items.
Illusion of Control#
Explanation: The illusion of control refers to the tendency for individuals to overestimate their ability to control external events, especially in situations of complete or partial uncertainty.
Coping Strategy: Reducing the illusion of control can be achieved by recognizing personal limitations and accepting the existence of uncertainty and randomness. By objectively assessing one's actual influence over events, more rational decisions can be made.
Illusion of Validity#
Explanation: The illusion of validity refers to the tendency for individuals to overtrust the correctness of their judgments and decisions, even in the absence of sufficient evidence to support those judgments or when facing low-quality information.
Coping Strategy: Strategies to reduce the illusion of validity include critically assessing the basis of one's decisions, seeking additional evidence to support or refute judgments, and maintaining a cautious attitude towards outcomes.
Illusory Correlation#
Explanation: Illusory correlation refers to the erroneous belief that a relationship exists between two variables, especially when individuals expect to find such a relationship or have pre-existing beliefs. This bias often stems from non-systematic observations or limited evidence.
Coping Strategy: To address illusory correlation, one should use scientific and statistical methods to test relationships between variables and maintain critical thinking regarding preliminary observations.
Impact Bias#
Explanation: Impact bias refers to the tendency to overestimate the long-term effects of future events (especially negative ones) on our mood. For example, one might believe that a future failure will cause prolonged sadness, but its actual impact may not be as lasting.
Coping Strategy: Strategies to reduce impact bias include attempting to assess the influence of future events more objectively and realistically, as well as recognizing that people often adapt to negative events more effectively than expected.
Information Bias#
Explanation: Information bias refers to the tendency for individuals to seek excessive unnecessary information when making decisions, even when that additional information does not change the outcome of the decision.
Coping Strategy: To combat information bias, one should clarify the key factors in decision-making, focus on truly important and relevant information, and avoid decision paralysis caused by collecting excessive irrelevant information.
Jumping to Conclusions#
Explanation: Jumping to conclusions is a cognitive bias where individuals make quick judgments or decisions without sufficient evidence. This often involves forming conclusions prematurely without adequately considering all relevant information.
Coping Strategy: Reducing the tendency to jump to conclusions can be achieved by slowing down, carefully evaluating all available information, and considering multiple possible explanations and outcomes before reaching a conclusion.
Just-World Hypothesis#
Explanation: The just-world hypothesis refers to the belief that the world is fair, and that what happens to individuals is deserved, attributing difficult-to-explain injustices to the victim's retribution or inherent nature.
Coping Strategy: Strategies to address the just-world hypothesis include recognizing that injustice does exist and striving to understand the complex social and individual factors that may lead to unequal outcomes.
Less-Is-Better Effect#
Explanation: The less-is-better effect refers to the phenomenon where, in certain situations, individuals may perceive a smaller quantity or scale as more valuable than a larger quantity or scale, even though logically the opposite should be true.
Coping Strategy: To combat the less-is-better effect, one should objectively assess the actual value of items or services rather than making judgments based solely on quantity or scale, and recognize the potential irrational decisions this bias may lead to.
Loss Aversion#
Explanation: Loss aversion refers to the phenomenon where individuals dislike losing things more than they like gaining things of equal value. For example, the distress of losing 100 yuan feels greater than the happiness of earning 100 yuan.
Coping Strategy: Reducing the impact of loss aversion can be achieved by objectively analyzing the risks and rewards of decisions, recognizing the opportunity costs of excessive focus on losses, and striving for a more balanced risk assessment.
Mere Exposure Effect#
Explanation: The mere exposure effect refers to the tendency for individuals to prefer things they are familiar with. Simply due to repeated exposure, even without other positive experiences, people may develop a liking for certain things.
Coping Strategy: To combat the mere exposure effect, one should try to engage with and explore new things or viewpoints, and be aware of how familiarity may influence judgments when making preferences or choices.
Misattribution of Arousal#
Explanation: Sometimes, individuals misattribute feelings of excitement, nervousness, or exhilaration to incorrect causes. For example, one might feel their heart racing after exercise and mistakenly believe it is due to special feelings for someone.
Coping Strategy: Understanding and recognizing this phenomenon can help individuals more accurately interpret their emotional responses and avoid misjudgments due to misattribution.
Money Illusion#
Explanation: Money illusion refers to the tendency for individuals to make judgments based on nominal values (the face value of money) rather than actual purchasing power (adjusted values) when considering economic matters. This leads individuals to overlook the effects of inflation or changes in currency value.
Coping Strategy: Reducing the impact of money illusion can be achieved by focusing on actual purchasing power and inflation rates, as well as regularly reassessing and adjusting personal financial plans.
Moral Credential Effect#
Explanation: The moral credential effect refers to the phenomenon where individuals who have demonstrated moral or non-discriminatory behavior in the past may relax their moral standards in future behaviors, feeling entitled to make potentially immoral or discriminatory decisions.
Coping Strategy: Strategies to combat the moral credential effect include ongoing self-reflection and critical thinking to maintain consistent moral standards and avoid allowing past behavior to justify relaxing current moral judgments.
Negativity Bias#
Explanation: The negativity bias refers to the tendency to easily recall negative memories while struggling to remember positive ones.
Coping Strategy: To reduce negativity bias, one should consciously focus on and evaluate positive information, as well as strive to maintain an objective and balanced attitude when facing negative information.
Neglect of Probability#
Explanation: Neglect of probability refers to the tendency for individuals to overlook or underestimate the actual probability of events when making decisions. This bias can lead individuals to overestimate the risks of highly unlikely events or underestimate the risks of more likely events.
Coping Strategy: To combat neglect of probability, one should learn and apply basic probability theory, carefully considering the actual probabilities of events when making decisions.
Normalcy Bias#
Explanation: Normalcy bias refers to the tendency for individuals to believe that things will remain normal, even when faced with potential disasters or crises. This leads to inadequate responses or complete unpreparedness in the face of possible dangers.
Coping Strategy: Reducing the impact of normalcy bias can be achieved by recognizing that change and crises are part of life and taking appropriate preventive measures and emergency plans.
Omission Bias#
Explanation: Omission bias refers to the tendency for individuals to perceive inaction as more acceptable or moral than taking action that may lead to negative consequences. This bias leads to a disproportionate preference for passive or non-action choices.
Coping Strategy: To combat omission bias, one should recognize that inaction is also a choice and may carry consequences. When making decisions, it is important to evaluate the potential outcomes of both action and inaction equally.
Optimism Bias#
Explanation: Optimism bias refers to the tendency for individuals to overestimate the likelihood of experiencing positive events while underestimating the likelihood of experiencing negative events. This bias affects personal risk assessment and decision-making.
Coping Strategy: Reducing the impact of optimism bias can be achieved by objectively considering all possible outcomes and preparing for less-than-ideal situations. Additionally, learning from past experiences can help develop realistic expectations.
Ostrich Effect#
Explanation: The ostrich effect refers to the tendency for individuals to "bury their heads in the sand" (symbolically avoiding facing problems) when confronted with potential financial losses, ignoring negative financial information.
Coping Strategy: To combat the ostrich effect, one should actively confront financial issues, regularly review and manage personal financial situations, and seek professional financial advice when necessary.
Outcome Bias#
Explanation: Outcome bias refers to the tendency for individuals to evaluate the quality of a decision based on its outcome rather than on the information available at the time of the decision.
Coping Strategy: Reducing outcome bias can be achieved by considering the decision-making process and the information available at the time when evaluating decisions, rather than solely focusing on the outcome. This requires valuing the rationality and completeness of the decision-making process.
Overconfidence Effect#
Explanation: The overconfidence effect refers to the tendency for individuals to overestimate their knowledge, judgment abilities, or control capabilities. This excessive confidence can lead to inaccurate risk assessments and decision-making errors.
Coping Strategy: To reduce the impact of overconfidence, one should objectively assess their abilities and limitations and seek others' opinions to validate their judgments. Additionally, learning from failures can help form a more realistic self-assessment.
Pareidolia#
Explanation: Pareidolia refers to the tendency for individuals to see clear images or hear specific sounds in vague or random stimuli, such as seeing animal shapes in clouds or recognizing familiar words in muffled sounds.
Coping Strategy: Recognizing the existence of pareidolia can help understand that these phenomena result from the brain's attempt to find meaning and patterns, rather than being reflections of reality.
Pessimism Bias#
Explanation: Pessimism bias refers to the tendency for individuals to overemphasize the likelihood of negative outcomes, often underestimating their ability or chances of achieving positive results.
Coping Strategy: To combat pessimism bias, one should objectively analyze all possible outcomes of a situation, actively seek evidence to balance negative expectations, and cultivate a more positive mindset.
Planning Fallacy#
Explanation: The planning fallacy refers to the tendency for individuals to be overly optimistic when estimating the time, cost, or resources required for tasks, often underestimating the actual demands of those tasks.
Coping Strategy: Reducing planning fallacy can be achieved by considering the actual performance of similar past tasks, adopting more conservative estimation methods, and allowing extra time and resources to address potential delays and challenges.
Positive Outcome Bias#
Explanation: Positive outcome bias refers to the tendency for individuals to overly optimistically estimate the probability of achieving positive outcomes while ignoring potential negative results or risks.
Coping Strategy: To combat positive outcome bias, one should objectively assess all possible outcomes, including negative possibilities, and prepare strategies to address different situations.
Positivity Effect; Negativity Effect#
Explanation: The positivity effect refers to the tendency for individuals to focus more on positive information as they age. Conversely, the negativity effect indicates that in certain situations, negative information has a stronger impact on individuals than positive information.
Coping Strategy: Understanding the existence of these effects can help maintain balance when analyzing information and making decisions, ensuring that judgments are not solely based on emotional reactions.
Post-Purchase Rationalization#
Explanation: Post-purchase rationalization refers to the tendency for consumers to find justifications for their choices after purchasing products or services, even in the presence of clear flaws or reasons for regret.
Coping Strategy: To combat post-purchase rationalization, one should carefully evaluate the pros and cons of products before purchasing and honestly assess their performance and value afterward to avoid self-deception.
Pro-Innovation Bias#
Explanation: Pro-innovation bias refers to the tendency for individuals to overly positively evaluate the utility and effectiveness of new technologies or innovations while neglecting their potential limitations or shortcomings.
Coping Strategy: Reducing the impact of pro-innovation bias can be achieved by objectively assessing the actual performance and potential risks of new technologies or innovations and considering whether they truly meet needs or improve the status quo.
Pseudocertainty Effect#
Explanation: The pseudocertainty effect refers to the tendency for individuals to prefer options perceived as "risk-free" during decision-making, even when risks still exist.
Coping Strategy: To combat the pseudocertainty effect, one should recognize that there are no absolutely risk-free decisions, carefully evaluate the potential risks of all options, and maintain a rational attitude towards uncertainty.
Reactance#
Explanation: Reactance refers to the psychological response individuals may have when they feel their freedom of choice is threatened or restricted, leading them to oppose or defy guidance or suggestions.
Coping Strategy: Reducing reactance can be achieved by providing choices and autonomy, as well as considering individuals' feelings and reactions when making suggestions or regulations.
Reactive Devaluation#
Explanation: Reactive devaluation refers to the tendency for individuals to hold negative attitudes towards proposals or viewpoints from opposing parties or competitors, even when those proposals are reasonable.
Coping Strategy: To reduce the impact of reactive devaluation, one should objectively evaluate the content of all proposals rather than basing judgments solely on the identity of the proposer. Striving to maintain a fair and open attitude, even in confrontational situations, is also important.
Recency Illusion#
Explanation: Recency illusion refers to the tendency for individuals to believe that language or behavioral patterns they have recently noticed are new phenomena, even when those patterns have existed for a long time.
Coping Strategy: To combat recency illusion, one should conduct historical or long-term studies to confirm whether a phenomenon is genuinely new or simply something they have only recently begun to notice.
Restraint Bias#
Explanation: Restraint bias refers to the tendency for individuals to overestimate their ability to resist temptation and maintain self-control. This may lead individuals to confidently place themselves in environments with many temptations, increasing the risk of failure.
Coping Strategy: Reducing the impact of restraint bias can be achieved by objectively assessing one's self-control and taking preventive measures to avoid excessive exposure to tempting or high-pressure environments.
Rhyme as Reason Effect#
Explanation: The rhyme as reason effect refers to the tendency for individuals to perceive rhymed or rhythmic statements as more truthful or persuasive than non-rhymed statements.
Coping Strategy: To combat this effect, one should focus on the actual content and logic of statements rather than their form or rhyming characteristics, and evaluate the truthfulness of statements based on facts and evidence.
Risk Compensation#
Explanation: Risk compensation refers to the phenomenon where individuals may engage in riskier behaviors when they feel that safety measures have been implemented, as they perceive the risk to be lower.
Coping Strategy: Reducing the impact of risk compensation can be achieved by enhancing risk awareness and responsibility, remaining cautious even in seemingly safer environments.
Selective Attention#
Explanation: Selective attention refers to the tendency for individuals to focus on information that aligns with their interests, beliefs, or current needs while ignoring other information.
Coping Strategy: To combat selective attention, one should strive to engage with and consider information that differs from their existing viewpoints and consciously broaden their focus to obtain more comprehensive information.
Semmelweis Reflex#
Explanation: The Semmelweis reflex refers to the automatic rejection of new evidence or knowledge, especially when that new information conflicts with established norms, beliefs, or biases.
Coping Strategy: Strategies to address the Semmelweis reflex include maintaining an open attitude, being willing to accept and consider new information, and challenging and updating one's beliefs through continuous learning and adaptation.
Social Comparison Bias#
Explanation: Social comparison bias refers to the tendency for individuals to evaluate their abilities or opinions by comparing themselves to others, which may lead to distorted evaluations of themselves or others.
Coping Strategy: To reduce social comparison bias, one should focus on personal goals and achievements rather than comparisons with others, and cultivate self-esteem and self-acceptance.
Status Quo Bias#
Explanation: Status quo bias refers to the tendency for individuals to prefer maintaining the current state of affairs, resisting change even when change may lead to better outcomes.
Coping Strategy: To combat status quo bias, one should evaluate the potential benefits of change and be willing to try new methods or ideas. Additionally, understanding the necessity of change and its potential long-term benefits is important.
Stereotyping#
Explanation: Stereotyping refers to the tendency for individuals to generalize characteristics of individuals or groups based on simplified assumptions or fixed ideas, which may lead to misunderstandings and unfair treatment of individuals.
Coping Strategy: Reducing the impact of stereotyping can be achieved by openly accepting and understanding diversity, avoiding group classifications in place of individual assessments, and critically examining one's assumptions.
Stockholm Syndrome#
Explanation: Stockholm syndrome refers to the psychological phenomenon where hostages or victims of abuse develop sympathy, loyalty, or emotional bonds with their captors or abusers.
Coping Strategy: Understanding the complexities of Stockholm syndrome can help better support and assist victims. Professional psychological counseling and therapy are crucial for addressing this complex emotional bond.
Subadditivity Effect#
Explanation: The subadditivity effect refers to the tendency for individuals to estimate the total value of a set of parts as being less than the sum of those parts when evaluated separately. This often occurs in probability assessments of event collections.
Coping Strategy: Reducing the impact of the subadditivity effect can be achieved by carefully evaluating each part and considering all relevant parts when making overall assessments.
Subjective Validation#
Explanation: Subjective validation refers to the tendency for individuals to accept information that aligns with their beliefs or expectations as true, even in the absence of objective evidence.
Coping Strategy: To combat subjective validation, one should critically assess the reliability of information sources, seek objective evidence to support or refute that information, and maintain openness to differing viewpoints.
Sunk Cost Fallacy#
Explanation: The sunk cost fallacy refers to the tendency for individuals to consider costs that have already been incurred and are irrecoverable when making decisions, even when those costs are no longer relevant to current and future decisions.
Coping Strategy: Reducing the impact of the sunk cost fallacy can be achieved by focusing on future benefits and costs rather than past losses, and maintaining objectivity and rationality in decision-making.
Survivorship Bias#
Explanation: Survivorship bias refers to the tendency for individuals to focus only on successful cases while ignoring those that have failed. This can lead to inaccurate assessments of the causes and probabilities of success.
Coping Strategy: To reduce survivorship bias, one should consider all relevant cases (including failures) for comprehensive analysis and seek lessons from failures.
Time-Saving Bias#
Explanation: Time-saving bias refers to the tendency for individuals to overestimate the time saved by completing an activity more quickly, especially when that activity takes a relatively short amount of time.
Coping Strategy: To combat time-saving bias, one should realistically assess the time saved by completing tasks at different speeds and consider adopting more realistic and reasonable methods in time management and planning.
Unit Bias#
Explanation: Unit bias refers to the tendency for individuals to consume based on single units or standard portions rather than actual hunger levels or needs, which may lead to overeating.
Coping Strategy: Reducing the impact of unit bias can be achieved by increasing self-awareness, recognizing when one is influenced by portion sizes, and adjusting consumption based on actual needs.
Well Travelled Road Effect#
Explanation: The well-travelled road effect refers to the tendency for individuals to perceive frequently traveled routes as shorter or faster than they actually are. This bias may stem from cognitive distortions regarding familiar paths.
Coping Strategy: To combat the well-travelled road effect, one should objectively assess the actual time and distance of different routes and consider using objective navigation tools when planning journeys.
Whole Only Effect#
Explanation: The whole only effect refers to the tendency for individuals to ignore the value of components when evaluating a set of objects, focusing solely on the value of the whole.
Coping Strategy: Reducing the impact of the whole only effect can be achieved by carefully assessing the value of each component and considering the combined effects of all parts when making decisions.
Zero-Risk Bias#
Explanation: Zero-risk bias refers to the tendency for individuals to prefer options that eliminate risk entirely, even when those options may not provide overall safety compared to options that reduce but do not completely eliminate risk.
Coping Strategy: To combat zero-risk bias, one should understand the impossibility of completely eliminating risk and evaluate the overall risks and benefits of different options.
Zero-Sum Heuristic#
Explanation: The zero-sum heuristic refers to the tendency for individuals to mistakenly believe that a situation is "zero-sum," meaning that one person's gain must equal another person's loss. This overlooks the possibility of mutually beneficial situations.
Coping Strategy: Reducing the impact of the zero-sum heuristic can be achieved by recognizing that many situations may have win-win possibilities and considering opportunities for cooperation and mutual gain in decision-making.